Overview:
Hair testing provides a wide window of detection for elements that may include dangerous or toxic compounds that workers may be exposed to on a daily basis.
Unlike blood and urine a three month hair test will provide a snapshot of the employee’s exposure over a three month period and will result in one of two outcomes:
1. Will give peace of mind that exposure to one or more critical elements has not exceeded an established referenced range: or
2. Will give an early indication if further action (such as a visit to the doctor) is required.
From an employer’s perspective a simple hair test pre-employment will provide a benchmark for the engaged employee to go on record and be compared with periodically to ensure exposure has not increased during a particular term; or
An existing employee’s hair test will provide an indication if exposure has exceeded a reference range and can be acted on as an early intervention, thereby avoiding litigation and harm through unknown impacts.
Either way a hair test for elements to ensure exposure does not reach harmful levels is a beneficial cost effective pathway to ongoing good health and protection from unwanted exposure.
Benefits:
CMM Technology™ is now able to offer this vital service to those working in a variety of industries that may expose a worker to a wide range of harmful elements on a daily basis.
The benefits of conducting baseline and periodic testing of hair for metals is very important for establishing the accumulation of metals in hair that may have the potential to interfere with the body’s normal biological functions. The ramifications of which can be very serious.
This testing is essential for establishing & managing risk in a particular worksite, job role etc. This data can be invaluable to minismise the risk exposure to the company and its workforce.
Retesting:
CMM Technology™ urges users of this data to express caution when determining courses of action based on single data points. A trend in a particular value can be of significantly greater importance than a result from a single point in time, which may be influenced by other factors (e.g. contamination). Therefore CMM Technology™ recommends that, in addition to professional healthcare advice, a follow-up test be conducted after six-to-eight-weeks to assess trends in the metal concentrations.
Reporting:
Our reporting will provide you with the following data.
Toxic & Essential Elements: These elements are referred to as “toxic” & "essential" due to their potential to interfere with the body’s normal biological functions. Although present in trace amounts in our environment, accumulation of high levels of these elements is undesirable as it may lead to adverse health effects.
CLINICAL CONDITION WARRANTING ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE ELEMENTS
Aluminium (Al) Toxicity:
Loss of appetite, nausea, colic, pain in muscles, weak bones, weakness, dementia, mental complaints.
Arsenic (As) Toxicity:
Headache, confusion, convulsion, vomiting, severe diarrhoea.
Cadmium (Cd) Toxicity:
Atherosclerosis, hypertension, decreased immunity.
Chromium (Cr) Low:
Alcoholism, atherosclerosis, glucose intolerance/hypoglycaemia, pregnancy. Toxicity: skin problems.
Manganese (Mn) Low:
Convulsion, diabetes, weak bones, loss of hearing, glucose intolerance, neurological complaints, sterility. Toxicity: anorexia, psychological and motor difficulties.
Mercury (Hg) Toxicity:
Diarrhoea, neurological complaints like irritability, moodiness and depression, loss of coordination, intellectual ability, vision and hearing.
Nickel (Ni) Toxicity:
Headache, nausea and vomiting, respiratory problems.
Lead (Pb) Toxicity:
Stomach ache, hypertension, mental diseases like depression, dizziness, concentration impairment, irritability, restlessness, confusion and impaired memory, pain in the muscles, premenstrual syndrome, decreased immunity against infection, fatigue, pregnancy-related diseases.
LITERATURE:
Gayla J. Kirschmann. Nutrition Almanac. Fourth edition McGraw-Hill, New York, USA 1996
Melvyn R. Werbach. Nutritional influences on mental Illness. A sourcebook of clinical research. Third Line Press. USA, 1999.
ALUMINIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (AI)
Aluminium is widely present in the environment, being the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and thus a component of most common rocks and soils. Its use in cookware, food containers, water treatment agents and various cooking ingredients leads to high potential for dietary intake, however aluminium is poorly absorbed in the gut so this is not a concern for most people.
Aluminium does not perform any known beneficial function in the body, and there are suggestions that it may be linked to various degenerative cognitive disorders. The high prevalence of aluminium in the environment (including antiperspirants) means that contamination of the hair is possible, and follow-up testing is recommended to confirm high levels.
ANTIMONY CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Sb)
Antimony has similar chemical properties to arsenic, though is less toxic to humans. It is used widely in industry, particularly in metal alloys and semiconductors. High antimony levels in hair air can result from environmental chronic exposure, inhalation or ingestion of this element. The USEPA states: "Respiratory effects, such as inflammation of the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and chronic emphysema, are the primary effects noted from chronic (long-term) exposure to antimony in humans via inhalation.
Human studies are inconclusive regarding antimony exposure and cancer, while animal studies have reported lung tumours in rats exposed to antimony trioxide via inhalation. EPA has not classified antimony for carcinogenicity". Environmental contamination is possible, so follow-up testing is recommended to confirm high antimony levels.
References: http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/antimony.html
ARSENIC CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (As)
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is found in many different compounds, either inorganic or organic. Inorganic arsenic compounds are found in soils, sediments, and groundwater. Hair arsenic levels generally correlate well with levels in the body2, and high levels result from chronic exposure, inhalation or ingestion of this element.
The USEPA states: "Arsenic, a naturally occurring element, is found throughout the environment; for most people, food is the major source of exposure. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to inorganic arsenic of humans is associated with irritation of the skin and mucous membranes and effects in the brain and nervous system.
Chronic oral exposure to elevated levels of inorganic arsenic has resulted in gastrointestinal effects, anaemia, peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions, hyperpigmentation, and liver or kidney damage in humans. Inorganic arsenic exposure of humans, by the inhalation route, has been shown to be strongly associated with lung cancer, while ingestion of inorganic arsenic by humans has been linked to a form of skin cancer and also to bladder, liver, and lung cancer. EPA has classified inorganic arsenic as a human carcinogen”3.
References. 2. Kapaj, S. et al. "Human Health Effects From Chronic Arsenic Poisoning – A Review", Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 41:2399–2428, 2006; 3. http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/arsenic.html
BARIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Ba)
Barium compounds are used in paints, as “barium meal” for X-ray diagnostics, in bleaches, glass-making, metal alloys, and ceramics. They are also used in fireworks for the green colour they impart.
The Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry says: Ingesting drinking water containing levels of barium above the EPA drinking water guidelines for relatively short periods of time can cause gastrointestinal disturbances and muscle weakness. Ingesting high levels for a long time can damage the kidneys. Contamination from hair treatments is possible, owing to the use of barium sulfate as an ingredient in some cosmetics and personal care products, such as blushers, eye makeup, foundations, lipsticks, suntan products and nail polish.
Retesting is recommended to confirm high barium levels.
References: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/TF.asp?id=326&tid=57
BERYLLIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Be)
Beryllium is used widely in industry, and in consumer products such as televisions, calculators and computers. Beryllium is poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract, but can be introduced to the body via skin and lungs. Inhalation is the most common pathway for beryllium entry to the body. The USEPA states: "Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure of humans to beryllium has been reported to cause chronic beryllium disease (berylliosis), in which granulomatous lesions (noncancerous) develop in the lung.
Human epidemiology studies are limited, but suggest a causal relationship between beryllium exposure and an increased risk of lung cancer. Inhalation exposure to beryllium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in rats and monkeys. The USEPA has classified beryllium as a Group B1, probable human carcinogen."
References: http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/berylliu.html
BISMUTH CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Bi)
Bismuth levels in hair may reflect past or chronic ingestion. Bismuth is a heavy metal, similar to lead in many respects, but of lower toxicity. Potential exists for mild toxicity, though therapeutic bismuth compounds are not toxic when used appropriately.
Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics including hair sprays, eye shadows, and nail polishes so high levels may result from using these products.
References: http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Bismuth#cite_note-83
CADMIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Cd)
Cadmium has similar properties to zinc, and is prevalent in our environment having come from sources such as phosphate fertilisers and fossil fuels. High hair cadmium levels generally correlate well with levels in the body, resulting from chronic ingestion of this element. Cadmium accumulates in the body in a similar way to other heavy metals, and can inhibit enzymes, displacing zinc or copper.
The USEPA states: "Chronic (long-term) inhalation or oral exposure to cadmium leads to a build-up of cadmium in the kidneys that can cause kidney disease. Cadmium has been shown to be a developmental toxicant in animals, resulting in foetal malformations and other effects, but no conclusive evidence exists in humans. An association between cadmium exposure and an increased risk of lung cancer has been reported from human studies, but these studies are inconclusive due to confounding factors.
Animal studies have demonstrated an increase in lung cancer from long-term inhalation exposure to cadmium. The USEPA has classified cadmium as a Group B1, probable human carcinogen."
References: http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/cadmium.html
CHROMIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Cr)
Dietary chromium from common food is not harmful. Excessive intake of chromium supplements can (rarely) cause some issues, including stomach problems and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), as well as potential kidney or liver damage. Chromium assists in the metabolism of sugars, fats, carbohydrates and proteins, and consequent production of energy in the cells. Bran, whole grains, yeast beer, eggs, meats and poultry are dietary sources of chromium.
References: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/chromium-topic-overview
LEAD CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Pb)
A common heavy metal, lead is used widely in industry, and commonly found in batteries, fishing sinkers, ammunition, leadlight windows, lead-based paints and solder. High lead levels in hair may result from chronic exposure. Hair lead content generally correlates well with blood lead levels.
According to the USEPA: "Lead can cause effects on the blood, as well as the nervous, immune, renal and cardiovascular systems. Early childhood and prenatal exposures are associated with slowed cognitive development, learning deficits and other effects. Exposure to high amounts of lead can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, severely damage the brain and kidneys, and may cause reproductive effects.
Large doses of some lead compounds have caused cancer in lab animals. A diet that is nutritionally adequate in calcium and iron may decrease the absorbed dose of lead."
References: http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/lead.html
MANGANESE CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Mn)
A very high manganese level in a hair sample could indicate environmental exposure to manganese, which is contained in some hair dyes and steel alloys, though high hair manganese concentrations have been correlated with high intake through tap water.
Manganese is a known neurotoxin at high occupational levels of exposure by inhalation. However, it has also been suggested that exposure from lower levels in drinking water may result in more subtle neurological effects in human populations. The reported symptoms include muscle pain, fatigue, tremor, memory problems and impaired reflexes. Some studies have correlated high hair manganese levels with hyperactive behaviour in children.
Dietary sources of manganese include: avocados, egg yolks, wheat germ and bran, oats and pineapple. Iodine uptake in the thyroid gland is hampered by excess manganese, as are serotonin levels in the brain, leading to increased anxiety and depression.
References: "Hair Manganese and Hyperactive Behaviors: Pilot Study of School-Age Children Exposed through Tap Water" Bouchard, M. et al. Environmental Health Perspectives , VOLUME 115, January 2007 pp. 122-127; NHMRC; Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/manganese
MERCURY CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Hg)
Mercury occurs in our environment in three forms: elemental, inorganic and organic. Elemental mercury (liquid at room temperature) is used in thermometers, batteries, lamps, industrial processes, refining, lubrication oils, and dental amalgams. Inorganic mercury was used in the past in many medications, soaps and paint. Mercuric chloride is still used as a disinfectant and pesticide. Methyl mercury has limited industrial uses; it is formed in the environment from the methylation of the inorganic mercurial ion. A significant source of dietary mercury is large predatory fish such as tuna and sharks due to an ecological process known as bioaccumulation.
The USEPA states: "Chronic (long-term) exposure to elemental mercury in humans also affects the CNS, with effects such as erethism (increased excitability), irritability, excessive shyness, and tremors. Human studies are inconclusive regarding elemental mercury and cancer. The major effect from chronic exposure to inorganic mercury is kidney damage. Animal studies have reported effects such as alterations in testicular tissue, increased resorption rates, and abnormalities of development.
Mercuric chloride (an inorganic mercury compound) exposure has been shown to result in forestomach, thyroid, and renal tumours in experimental animals. Chronic exposure to methyl mercury in humans also affects the CNS with symptoms such as paresthesia (a sensation of pricking on the skin), blurred vision, malaise, speech difficulties, and constriction of the visual field. Methyl mercury exposure, via the oral route, has led to significant developmental effects. Infants born to women who ingested high levels of methyl mercury exhibited mental retardation, ataxia, constriction of the visual field, blindness, and cerebral palsy."
References: http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/mercury.html; "Metals in hair as biological indices for exposure." Foo, SC et al. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1993;65(1 Suppl):S83-6
NICKEL CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Ni)
Nickel is a corrosion resistant, silvery metal. It is used widely in alloys, coinage and batteries. Hair nickel level can reflect exposure and ingestion. Nickel can displace zinc and copper in cells, thereby affecting enzyme activity.
The USEPA states: "Dermatitis is the most common effect in humans from chronic dermal exposure to nickel. Chronic inhalation exposure to nickel in humans also results in respiratory effects, including a type of asthma specific to nickel, decreased lung function, and bronchitis. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some mammalian species, and has been suggested to be essential for human nutrition". Baked beans can contain high levels of nickel.
References: http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/nickel.html
THALLIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (TI)
Thallium is a potentially toxic element that accumulates in body tissues. Hair levels can reflect chronic accumulation. Common sources of thallium are: seafoods, tobacco, contaminated water, electronic components, fly ash, cement dust, and some fertilizers.
Thallium can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
References: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/821465-workup
THORIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Th)
Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal, used in alloys. High thorium levels potentially display mild biochemical toxicity.
TIN CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Sn)
Tin is a silvery, corrosion-resistant metal that takes a high polish. It is used widely in manufacturing, both as the metal and as its salts, such as tin chloride. Hair tin levels can correlate with past or chronic exposure. Tin compounds may interfere with iron and copper metabolism (decreasing the effectiveness of heme and cytochrome P450).
References: 18. Da Silva et al. Am J Med Sci. 1994 Mar;307(3):173-81.
TITANIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (Ti)
High titanium levels are often associated with elevated tin, antimony, aluminium and nickel. Although considered non-toxic, elevated titanium levels may be an indicator that other mineral imbalances are present. High titanium levels may be due to external contamination sources such as cosmetics and sun-blocks, which contain titanium dioxide.
URANIUM CONTENT IS ABOVE REFERENCE RANGE. (U)
Uranium is a naturally occurring radionuclide and is commonly found in the environment at various levels. Hair levels of uranium may reflect past or chronic ingestion9.
The USEPA states: "Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to uranium in humans has been linked to respiratory effects, such as chronic lung disease. Cancer is the major effect of concern from the radionuclides. Uranium may cause lung cancer and tumours of the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues. EPA has not classified uranium, radon or radium for carcinogenicity." 10
References: 9. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry website, Toxic Substances Portal - Uranium: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=439&tid=77 10. http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/radionuc.html